effects of samori toure resistance

Elsewhere in Africa, the Mandinka people, led by Samori Toure, attempted to follow the Ethiopian model of working alongside the European colonizers and establishing trade relationships. 18 On Guinea, see E. Osborn, Power, authority, and gender in Kankan-Bat (Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 2000); M. McGovern, Unmasking the state: developing political subjectivities in 20th century Guinea (Ph.D. dissertation, Emory University, 2004), 712; and Fairhead and Leach, Misreading the African Landscape, 969. European Imperialism History & Characteristics | What is European Imperialism? The Causes Of The Mandinka Resistance War. 16 See J. Vansina, Oral Tradition as History (Madison, 1985), 1732. Vuillemot, 1899, Politique musulmane, ANM (FA), 4 E 42. © 2021 Tutorke Limited. 106 On post-conquest reconstruction, see E. Kreike, Re-Creating Eden: Land Use, Environment, and Society in Southern Angola and Northern Namibia (Portsmouth NH, 2004). 96 Interview, Imam Sidib, Balafina, 2 Apr. 79 May 1894, Rap. 21 chapters | As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 Gotta appreciate Toures effort/willingness to crack block the safety. State (4) FOUR sources of monopoly power. This keeps the flow of the play intact and creates ideal timing for the quarterback to get rid of the ball. Ethiopia's ability to resist being swept up in the "Scramble for Africa" can be credited to the stability of its longstanding imperial government, beginning with the Abyssinian Empire in the 13th century, and lasting into the late 20th century, with the exception of a brief Italian occupation during the 1930s. 7 Legassick, M., Firearms, horses and Samorian army administration, 18701898, Journal of African History, 7 (1966), 95115CrossRefGoogle Scholar. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The resistance of Samouri-Toure against French imperialism is explained by a number of factors among which was that he was an Orthodox and devolt Muslim who didn't want the "infidels" i.e French Christians to dominate him and he therefore used Islam as a unifying factor against imperialism; its therefore on this note that Samouri-Toure . pic.twitter.com/Z6eDAr7vjK, Brandon Carwile (@PackerScribe) August 31, 2022. Offensively, he probably wont have much of a role in 2022. The Green Bay Packers went with potential over experience for the last wide receiver spot. See E. Tonkin, Narrating our Pasts: The Social Construction of Oral History (Cambridge, 1992), 11; D.W. Cohen and E.S. Atieno Odhiambo, Burying SM: The Politics of Knowledge and the Sociology of Power in Africa (Portsmouth NH, 1992), 20; S. Kuchler, Landscape as memory: the mapping of process and its representations in a Melanesian society, in B. Bender (ed. Freezes the defender with a nice jab release to get inside and then flashes strong hands at the catch point. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. 2002. After the Berlin Conference, France began to enter West Africa more aggressively until they reached the Sudan and the Border of Samori Toure's Mandinka Empire. 2002. See also K. Fofana, L'Almami Samori Tour Empereur: rcit historique (Paris, 1998). 82 1899 and 1895, Rap. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Although Nigeria came under the British charter in 1885 and was completely controlled by the Royal Niger Company by 1900, the local population was reluctant to give up their system of self-government without a fight. Most of my informants noted that the coming of prayer occurred during the colonial period. Boston Port Act: Parliament passed this act on April 1, 1774, as one of the Intolerable Acts; it ordered the U.S. navy to close Boston Harbor. He declared himself independent of King Birami and began building an army of his own. What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? The kid isnt afraid to work over the middle. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Weve seen Allen Lazard do this a ton. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you 219 lessons. The Jaban is a small (30-kilometer long) tributary to the Sankarani River, along Mali's national border with Guinea. The European countries were able to colonise African countries rapidly because there were rivalries between African leaders. Finally, this article concludes by providing a contemporary reading of the southern Malian historical landscape, rooting local Samorian history and politics in particular sites of memory. Role of religion in the Maji Maji rebellion. 21819; interview, Musa Sumoaro, Kolondieba, 20 Nov. 2002. 57 On the broader context of this issue, see John Ralph Willis (ed. Outline (4) FOUR business opportunities which the community is benefiting from that University. Binger, Du Niger, 956; Klein, Slavery and Colonial Rule, 10910. He takes a jab release to get the defender leaning, so the jam misses its intended target. de Tourne, 10 June 1899, ANM (FA), I E 27. 47 Interview, Broulaye Kon, Kolondieba, 21 Nov. 2002. Both the types of colonialism and manners of resistance were tremendously varied. 97 Ibid. 1 answer. By the mid-1880s, however, the international slave trade had been abolished across Europe. France responded with more forces, which included Senegalese fighters. 2 How did Samori Toure resist the French? By 1900, all of Africa had been parceled out into European colonies or protectorates, with the exceptions of a few countries in the North of Africa: Liberia, which was considered protected by its relationship with the United States; Libya and Morocco, which would be colonized by Italy and France, respectively, within 15 years; and Ethiopia, the only African country to maintain independent status in the wake of European imperialist efforts. He used guerrilla warfare and scorched earth policy which proved effective against the French. Total loading time: 0 15 S. Ellis, Colonial conquest in central Madagascar: who resisted what? in J. Abbink, M. De Bruijn and K. Van Walraven (eds. The conditions that led African peoples to resist colonial rule often emerged from longstanding grievances against colonial labor exploitation, taxation, racist and paternalist practices, arbitrary violence, and political illegitimacy. He established a new empire called Mandinka, declaring himself its king and commander in chief. 49 Interview, Solo Sanogo, Wobl, 4 May 2002; see Binger, Du Niger, 16873. Recently published anthologies of African epic (Johnson/Hale/Belcher 1997; Kesteloot/Dieng . A military leader who founded a Muslim empire, Samori Toure resisted French rule at the end of the 19th century . Create your account. It is one of the largest public university presses, as measured by titles and income level. On February 27, 2023 By Dr. Y. Mandinka believe the crowning glory of any woman is the ability to produce children, especially sons. Your email address will not be published. View More History and Government Questions and Answers | Return to Questions Index. ), Readings in African Popular Culture (London, 1997), 408. Resistance was also active. Pol., Mar. We welcome articles in the social sciences and the humanities including, but not limited to: history, art history, archeology, sociology, and public health. 3916; E. Proz, L'empire de l'Almamy-Emir Samory ou empire du Ouassoulou (Besanon, 1888); J.L. Amselle, Mestizo Logics: Anthropology of Identity in Africa and Elsewhere (Stanford, 1998), 8990. The opposite corner notices Toure coming toward his side of the field just as the ball is getting released. Imperialism in Africa History & Effects | How Did European Imperialism Affect Africa? ), In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature, and Performance (Bloomington, 2000), 189224. 12 See J. Gallieni, Voyage au Soudan Franais, Haut-Niger et Pays de Sgou, 18791881 (Paris, 1885), 598. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blogs author/ owner is strictly prohibited. In Nigeria, the Igbo women staged a series of protests to express their rights against the British colonial government. As you know,Samori Tour, grandfather to the African president Sekou Tour (another resistant to French imperialism Guinea: the country who dared say NO toFrance), was a leader and ruled over a vast empire which spanned big areas of West Africa from Guinea all the way to modern-day Cte dIvoire. 72 Interview, Drissa Diallo, N'Golobala, 18 May 2002. 38 See ibid. In order to tighten control over the colonies, Great Britain instated many acts and taxes which enraged colonists who argued that it was unfair to tax them when they had no direct representation in Parliament. iiii (Paris, 196875), and Person's briefer publications: Les anctres de Samori, Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 13 (1963), 12556; Samori et la Sierra Leone, Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 25 (1967), 526; Guinea-Samori, in M. Crowder (ed. Guinea's first president Ahmed Skou Toure was claimed to be his great-grandson. ), The Koran Interpreted (New York, 1955), 65; interviews, Sekou Sidib, Jelifin, 31 Mar. 2002; and interviews, El Hajj Sekou Sidib and Drissa Balla, Jelifin, 31 Mar. The decision was a bit of a surprise, considering Winfree had received praise from quarterback Aaron Rodgers. 2019. 77 Rap. It had success such as Ethiopias ability to remain independent and the Chilembwe insurrection; it also had its failures such as lack of technology and lack of unity. 112 On the other hand, bards (jeliw) sing praises to Samori, while being fully aware of his destructive wars. He explains that he was recently on a talk show where the host asked him "what it meant to lose my body.". His father was a trader, leading Tour to follow his family's occupation early on. A series of gradually increasing military actions by British imperial forces in the early 1890s served to weaken the Ndebele military, and with the death of Lobengula in 1894, stability in the. Learn about African history during European Imperialism and colonization. Gouv.-Gn., 1894, Rap. The young but already-skilled merchant-negotiator bargained with her captor, offering to serve in his army in exchange for his mothers release. When he refused to submit, they began military action. The political interference, environmental damage, and cultural erasure that came about in Africa during the period of European imperialism have had lasting impacts in the decolonization period, as the countries of modern Africa have reclaimed the ability to self-govern and shape their own economic goals. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. However, Toure shows great effort to stay on his feet, breaking a pair of tackles and picking up good YAC to get the ball down to the one-yard line. The lone exception was Guinea led by Tours grandson, Sekou Tour. Samori Ture(1830-1900) Samori Toure was born in a village in the Milo river valley in present day Guinea. Big bodied receiver who can run and has a solid set of hands. 40 Interview, Hari Sidib, Yanfolila, 9 Apr. 2002. (Beverly Hills, 1986); A.J. Temu and B. Swai, Historians and Africanist History: A Critique (London, 1981). 110 See J. Scott, Weapons of the Weak (New Haven, 1985), 178. Samori Tour was a great warrior, a natural leader and an empire builder. 2 On the historical landscape of southern Guinea during the time of Samori, see in particular J. Fairhead and M. Leach, Misreading the African Landscape: Society and Ecology in a ForestSavanna Mosaic (Cambridge, 1996), 948. Tour was born in about 1830 in what is now Guinea. Vuillemot, 1899, Politique musulmane, Rapports sur l'Islam, ANM (FA), 4 E 42. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. 44 Interviews, Doulaye Kon, Kolondieba, 19 Nov. 2002. All Rights Reserved. The War of Spanish Succession Overview & History | What Caused the Spanish Succession? Islamic Center of Cleveland is a non-profit organization. Thank you Angelika I will publish more African history. } On May 1, 1898, French forces invaded a town just north of the new capital. 115 Interview, Souleyman Sidib, Solona, 10 Apr. Sekou Toure, the first president of Guinea, is the great-grandson of Samori Toure, leader of the Mandinka Empire. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs 2002; Imam Sidib, Balanfina, 3 Apr. As an academic press, our mandate is to serve the world of scholarship and culture as a professional, not-for-profit publisher. and Personal communications, Sekou Camara, Bamako, Oct. 2002; and Mamadou Diabat (jeli), New York, Mar. General Fund 2002. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. September 1, 2022 12:54 pm CT. Knicks Draft Picks 2017, IU Press's major subject areas include African, African American, Asian, cultural, Jewish and Holocaust, Middle East, Russian and East European, and women's and gender studies; anthropology, film, history, bioethics, music, paleontology, philanthropy, philosophy, and religion. See Klein, Slavery and Colonial Rule, 10911. ), Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies (Athens, 2003), 645. ), Landscape: Politics and Perspectives (Providence, 1993), 96. 51 Interview, Ngolo Sanogo, Wobl, 5 May 2002. How did the African resistance to colonialism affect them? 2002. They were able to use advanced military technology to suppress African resistance to colonization, taking over most of the continent by 1900. An example of this would be the Algerian War of Independence against France. When he completed his seventh hajj, he returned to Africa and stayed. 09 May 2014. They occurred within the context of the internal slave trade, which had disastrous consequences in many rural localities. 2002. It became a war of attrition, with Tours troops starving and deserting. 30 See R.S. Morgenthau, Political Parties in French-Speaking West Africa (Oxford, 1964), 27684. 65 Interview, Musa Sumoaro, Kolondieba, 20 Nov. 2002. 42 Interview, Hari Sidib, Yanfolila, 9 Apr. Highlight one way in which economic rivalries between the European powers resulted to the outbreak of 1st World War. Toure is tasked with running an in-breaker against zone coverage. Toure takes a good angle to the safety, but unfortunately, the corner recovers to set the edge and prevent the running back from turning the corner. 2002. Outline five European activities in Africa during 19th century. Loss of lives 3. Which is an example of resistance to colonial rule? 21 See A.H. B, L'trange destin de Wangrin (Paris, 1973). 2001 Indiana University Press The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". https://packerswire.usatoday.com/2022/09/01/packers-film-room-rookie-wr-samori-toure-flashes-potential-against-chiefs/, Strong finish, upside in the slot gets rookie WR Samori Toure onto Packers roster, Packers film room: Rookie OL Zach Tom looked the part against Saints, Packers film room: Enagbare flashes in preseason opener against 49ers, Packers rookie WR Samori Toure stands out at Family Night, WR Samori Toure could be hidden gem of Packers' 2022 draft class, Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. However, when you are able to run precise routes, it can help make up for average athleticism. Pol., ANM (FA), I E 27. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? The Press also features an extensive regional publishing program under its Quarry Books imprint. See L'Empereur Almamy Samori Tour: grand administrateur et grand stratge, Rvolution dmocratique africaine 48 (Conakry, 1971), among other popular volumes. The crack block is a useful move to create room for the ball carrier by sealing either the linebacker or safety. The Green Bay Packers went with potential over experience for the last wide receiver spot. Dutch, British and Russian Colonies in Asia: European Imperialism and Its Consequences, The Berlin Conference & the Colonization of Africa | Purpose & Rules, Decolonization in Africa: Impact & Summary | How WWII Changed Africa. In 1959, Charles de Gaulle became president of France and proposed the creation of the French Community, similar to the British Commonwealth. Yves Person on WebMande.net who wrote a book on Samori Tour, BlackHistoryPages, and this article published by the New York Times in 1898 about the Capture of Samori Toure by the French. In exchange for his mother's freedom he served in the . In Great Moments, Great People. Hatred for French disrespect of their traditional institution and culture to resist the French. The shifted colonial boundaries drawn up by the Berlin Conference did not take the needs and rights of these kingdoms into consideration, often separating tribal alliances and forcing opposing tribes to live together in a single colony. Japanese Imperialism: Territorial Acquisitions & Wars, Europe & U.S. To get a better look at what the Packers may have seen in Toure to keep him around, lets go to the film from his game against the Chiefs. We did not learn this in school. More recently, however, there was a conference organized in Conakry in 1998 to mark the 100th anniversary of Samori's capture and martyrdom. Thanks for the reminder of that post. Samori was afraid to loose it Administratives and judicial powers of the French. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The Packers want to see more of rookie Samori Toure, who they chose over Juwann Winfree for the initial 53-man roster. Web Design : https://iccleveland.org/wp-content/themes/icc/images/empty/thumbnail.jpg, American And French Revolution Similarities. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Toure is at the top of the screen facing an aggressive corner. Total loading time: 0 Interview, Jan-Jan Sidib, Balafina, 3 Apr. Loss of lives 3. 2019. 84 January 1895, May 1900, Rap. Toure is listed at 6-1, 191 lbs, making him a solid-sized receiver with the ability to run. 98 Interviews, Jan-Jan Sidib, Balafina, 23 Apr. Samori soldiers were well equipped with modern weapons imported from the European traders into an advance of the French troops. 118 See Isabel Hofmeyer, We Spend Our Years as a Tale That Is Told: Oral History Narratives in a South African Chiefdom (Portsmouth NH, 1993); and Gengenbach, Heidi, Naming the past in a scattered land: memory and the power of women's naming practices in southern Mozambique, International Journal of African Historical Studies, 33 (2000), 52342CrossRefGoogle Scholar. We publish books and journals that will matter 20 or even a hundred years from now titles that make a difference today and will live on into the future through their reverberations in the minds of teachers and writers. Large caves were also reported in Oulnkala, one of which could hold thirty people. She has also served as a teacher-leader providing professional development to other educators. 78 Kanya-Forstner, The Conquest of the Western Sudan, 21621. Harbor Freight Car Wash Nozzle, Pol., ANM (FA), I E 27; interview, Youssouf Sidib, Koniba-Barila, 27 Mar. Just as hundred resistance in 1598, years to when the Moroccan ago, the loyalist the Almami forces troops in the Samori of swamps Askiya was Nouhoun1 of Dendi, resisting so offered in the 1898, French fierce one . Rushohora, Nancy She is certified in Middle Grades Social Studies, Science, Language Arts, and Math, and has 9 years of teaching experience in these fields. He attacks this defensive back with force and good hand placement while getting his arms extended. See Mande Studies, 3 (2001), and Centenaire du souvenir: Almami Samori Tour, 18981998: Symposium international de Conakry du 29 Sept. au 1 Oct. 1998 (Conakry, 2000). It argues that local traditions not only provide a corrective to the nationalist historiography on Samori, they also complicate the notion of resistance by demonstrating internal dissent and even rebellion against Samorian rule at a time of Samori's vaunted primary resistance to French conquest. Indiana University Press was founded in 1950 and is today recognized internationally as a leading academic publisher specializing in the humanities and social sciences. He manufactured firearms, relocated his kingdom, and engaged in diplomacy with both the French and the British. Mandinka, but mostly on early explorers' accounts, such as Francis Moore's 1738 Travels (up the Gambia River), as main sources for com parative examples of Mandinka culture. 4 Why Samori Toure resisted colonial rule? In British West Africa, whereas the British occasionally favoured peaceful negotiations, some violent incidences were also apparent.5 Early life and career [ edit] Samori Ture was Mandinka, born in c. 1830 in Manyambaladugu (in the Kankan region). 91 Interviews, Broulaye Doumbia, Tenemakana, 1321 May 2002 and 6 Oct. 2002; Doulaye Kon, Kolondieba, 19 Nov. 2002; Adama Diallo, Niamala, 7 Oct. 2002; Souleyman Sidib, Solona, 10 Apr. Overall, this is a solid rep that could carry over to the run game. 5 See, especially, S. Greene, Sacred Sites and the Colonial Encounter: A History of Meaning and Memory in Ghana (Bloomington, 2002); Terence Ranger, Voices from the Rocks: Nature, Culture & History in the Matopos Hills of Zimbabwe (Oxford, 1999); see Monson, J., Memory, migration and the authority of history in southern Tanzania, 18601960, Journal of African History, 41 (2000), 34772CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. 117 Interview, Musa Sumoaro, Kolondieba, 20 Nov. 2002. 31 See, especially, E. Schmidt, Mobilizing the Masses: Gender, Ethnicity, and Class in the Nationalist Movement in Guinea, 19391958 (Portsmouth NH, 2005), 1078; and Morgenthau, Political Parties, 2345. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Give two strategies employed by Samori Toure in his war of resistance against the French. European Imperialism in China: Effects & Timeline | Was China Colonized? 75 Interview, Drissa Diallo, N'Golobala, 18 May 2002. Until the age of 20, Samori was a trader. 6055 W 130th St Parma, OH 44130 | 216.362.0786 | icc@iccleveland.org, Resistance can be contrasted with readiness, which is a state of mind reflecting willingness or receptiveness to change. There was no single chief with the authority to take charge. View all Google Scholar citations By the size of his army, he could be compared to Samori Tour, but he did not have the . 1880-1898* BY BRIAN J.PETERSON Union College, New York ABSTRACT: This article seeks to situate local oral traditions on Samori Toure within the contexts of both internal African empire building and French colonial conquest. Scholarship Fund Who was an example of pragmatic resistance to the French? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. According to the New York Times, Samori, " f or nearly 13 years, was the most dangerous antagonists Europeans had had to deal with ". 2002. Samori was afraid to loose it Administratives and judicial powers of the French. 2002. In 1884, 15 European nations and the United States convened the Berlin West Africa Conference, commonly shortened to the Berlin Conference, to discuss the appropriate use and division of the land and resources of Africa. for this article. You love to see this kind of recognition from a rookie. 52 Larger villages were under the authority of one of Samori's delegates (dugukunsigiw). Such African excellence is worth celebrating. French campaigns against Samori, which were met with fierce resistance, intensified in the mid-1890s until he was captured . In Nigeria, the Igbo women led a series of protests against the Warrant Chief who was appointed by the British government; although Nigeria remained a British colony, these protests enabled the Igbo women to maintain a voice in the political process of their country. 116 Conversation with Karim Sidib, Jelifin, 7 Apr. He ran a 4.48 with a 1.64 10-yard split at his pro day. 10 Samori's wars were also part of a chain of Islamic jihds across the West African savanna that opened up new slaving frontiers. 67 Interviews, Karim Danyoko, Tenemakana, 11 Oct. 2002; Yacouba Danyoko, Tenemakana, 23 June 2002. Outline two roles played by ex-war soldiers in the growth of African Nationalism after 1945. A great man. 68 Interview, Namakoro Bamba, Kolondieba, 7 July 2002. Samori Tour ( 1830 - 1900 ) African military leader. and Analysis. Looking back at Samori Toures game against the Chiefs, you can see why the #Packers stuck with him. Almost 60 years after his death, his grandson was equally defiant. The roots of the Mandinka Anti-Colonial movement resistance war lay in the partitioning of Africa at the Berlin Conference of 1885. ), Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past, trans. iii (Paris, 1996); Rapport du Capt. Pol., Aug. 1900, Mar. Terms of the Buganda agreement with the British, Results of the Buganda agreement with the British, Results of African collaboration with the Europeans. If you want to get on the field, you have to be able to block. Coates feels that there is an enormous gulf between the host's world "and the world for which I had been summoned to speak.". Good awareness/processing by Toure to settle into the soft spot against zone coverage. Factors which influenced Lewanika of the Lozi to collaborate with the British. See Rapport du Capt. After all, he is the seventh receiver on the depth chart and is still learning the playbook. He utilizes an effective stutter step to gain inside leverage against the corner but does so without losing too much momentum. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Sadaqah Fund Sign up for the Packers Wire newsletter to get our top stories in your inbox every morning. The power was European, but the face of it on the local level was often African. Resistance manifests itself behaviorally by either active opposition to change or by attempting to escape or avoid it; readiness is manifested behaviorally by either active initiation of change or by cooperation with it. Please check out the work of Pr. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. It argues that local traditions not only provide a corrective to the nationalist historiography on Samori, they also complicate the notion of Resistance' by demonstrating internal dissent and even rebellion against Samorian rule at a time of Samori's vaunted * primary resistance* Rushohora, Nancy The Packers want to see more of rookie Samori Toure, who they chose over Juwann Winfree for the initial 53-man roster. Guinea: the country who dared say NO toFrance, Les injures ne tuent pas / Insults do not kill, Mandume and the Ovambo Resistance to Portuguese Colonialism in Angola, Le progrs ne peut tre arrter / Progress cannot be stopped, Mali Burkina Faso Guinea Agree to form a Tri-Country Axis, Dieu protge le faible / God Watches over the Weak, Love the African Way by Esmeralda Yitamben, Les temps difficiles ne durent pas ternellement / Dark Times do not Last Forever, Thomas Sankara re-Burial Boycotted by Family, France to Withdraw Troops from Burkina Faso, The Lebombo Bone: The Oldest Mathematical Artifact in the World, 'A ma Mre / To my Mother' by Camara Laye, "Femme Noire" de Lopold Sdar Senghor / "Black Woman" by Lopold Sdar Senghor.

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